One of the welcome features in OS X Lion was the replacement of Apple's first-generation FileVault file encryption technology, which only encrypted the home folder, with a new whole-disk encryption approach.
Unlike the first FileVault, which required a number of workarounds and still had compatibility problems with various programs and utilities, the new technology is transparent to the operating system and enhances security since it not only encrypts user data but also all other data on the drive, including system caches, application files, and system configuration files that might contain some personal information.
FileVault 2 requires the hard drive to be partitioned with a recovery partition that in part acts to store the password and encryption keys used to decrypt the drive. When you start up the FileVault-encrypted system, you will be prompted for your log-in credentials, which are used to unlock the keys and decrypt the drive before loading the OS and subsequently logging you in to your user account.
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This security feature, along with similar programs like BitLocker and TrueCrypt, has been increasingly popular among individuals, especially laptop owners who might be concerned that a thief could extract personal information from a portable system. However, recent developments suggest that it's actually quite easy to tackle these encryption technologies.
In a statement (PDF) issued this morning, password recovery company Passware has claimed that it can fully decrypt a FileVault-encrypted Mac disk within an hour. Using a live-memory analysis approach via the system's FireWire connection, Passware says its utilities can sample system memory and extract the encryption key for FileVault disks. The process apparently takes no more than 40 minutes, regardless of the length or complexity of the password used.
Passware has been actively tackling various encryption technologies such as BitLocker, TrueCrypt, and FileVault, and says its latest Passware Kit Forensic 11.3 software can extract encryption keys for all of these technologies. In addition to extracting FileVault keys, Passware can also extract passwords from encrypted keychain files and recover log-in passwords for user accounts.
One goal of the company's efforts is to help law enforcement agencies in digital investigations, and its recent findings serve as a warning to Mac users that relying solely on one approach to encrypting files does not necessarily secure their data. Passware President Dmitry Sumin claims that the company's live-memory analysis approach 'opens up great possibilities [for] password recovery and decryption.' In addition Sumin states, 'Every user should be aware that even full-disk encryption is insecure while the data rests in computer memory.'
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This news is cause for concern, especially since tools like the Passware Kit Forensic 11.3 are available for purchase by anyone willing to part with $995 for a license.
While it is unlikely that a common thief will use such tools to extract data from your personal hard drive, others may be concerned about data privacy for corporate or legal reasons, as we saw with recent court decisions on encryption technology.
Given this news, it is likely that Apple will investigate ways to better secure the FileVault keys and protect user data, though we will have to wait and see how these developments pan out. For now, FileVault is still a very highly recommended technology for anyone wishing to secure personal data, but in addition you might consider using options like encrypted disk images to further secure any files you wish to keep private.
Questions? Comments? Have a fix? Post them below or e-mail us!
Be sure to check us out on Twitter and the CNET Mac forums.
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A
There are several ways to back up a Mac that is not fully functional. You need an external hard drive or other storage device to hold the data.
1. Start up from the Recovery partition, from Internet Recovery, or from a local Time Machine backup volume (option key at startup.) Launch Disk Utility and follow the instructions in this support article, under “Instructions for backing up to an external hard disk via Disk Utility.” The article refers to starting up from a DVD, but the procedure in Recovery mode is the same. You don't need a DVD if you're running OS X 10.7 or later.
If you use FileVault 2, then you must first unlock the startup volume. Select its icon ('Macintosh HD,' unless you gave it a different name.) It will be nested below another disk icon, usually with the same name. Click the Unlock button in the toolbar. Enter your login password when prompted.
2. If Method 1 fails because of disk errors, then you may be able to salvage some of your files by copying them in the Finder. If you already have an external drive with OS X installed, start up from it. Otherwise, if you have Internet access, follow the instructions on this page to prepare the external drive and install OS X on it. You'll use the Recovery installer, rather than downloading it from the App Store.
3. If you have access to a working Mac, and both it and the non-working Mac have FireWire or Thunderbolt ports, start the non-working Mac in target disk mode. Use the working Mac to copy the data to another drive. This technique won't work with USB, Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth.
4. If the internal drive of the non-working Mac is user-replaceable, remove it and mount it in an external enclosure or drive dock. Use another Mac to copy the data.
B
Start up in Recovery mode. When the OS X Utilities screen appears, select Disk Utility.
In the Disk Utility window, select the icon of the startup volume from the list on the left. It will be nested below another disk icon, usually with the same name. Click the Unlock button in the toolbar. When prompted, enter the login password of a user authorized to unlock the volume, or the alternate decryption key that was generated when you activated FileVault.
Then, from the menu bar, select
File ▹ Turn Off Encryption
Enter the password again.
You can then restart as usual, if the system is working. Decryption will be completed in the background. It may take several hours, and during that time performance will be reduced.
If you can't turn off encryption in Disk Utility because the menu item is grayed out, you'll have to erase the volume and then restore the data from a backup. Select the Erase tab, and then select
Mac OS Extended (Journaled)
from the Format menu.
You can then quit to be returned to the main Recovery screen. Follow these instructions if you back up with Time Machine. If you use other backup software, follow its developer's instructions.
Don't erase the volume unless you have at least two complete, independent backups. One is not enough to be safe.
Jan 28, 2015 7:57 AM
A
There are several ways to back up a Mac that is not fully functional. You need an external hard drive or other storage device to hold the data.
1. Start up from the Recovery partition, from Internet Recovery, or from a local Time Machine backup volume (option key at startup.) Launch Disk Utility and follow the instructions in this support article, under “Instructions for backing up to an external hard disk via Disk Utility.” The article refers to starting up from a DVD, but the procedure in Recovery mode is the same. You don't need a DVD if you're running OS X 10.7 or later.
If you use FileVault 2, then you must first unlock the startup volume. Select its icon ('Macintosh HD,' unless you gave it a different name.) It will be nested below another disk icon, usually with the same name. Click the Unlock button in the toolbar. Enter your login password when prompted.
2. If Method 1 fails because of disk errors, then you may be able to salvage some of your files by copying them in the Finder. If you already have an external drive with OS X installed, start up from it. Otherwise, if you have Internet access, follow the instructions on this page to prepare the external drive and install OS X on it. You'll use the Recovery installer, rather than downloading it from the App Store.
3. If you have access to a working Mac, and both it and the non-working Mac have FireWire or Thunderbolt ports, start the non-working Mac in target disk mode. Use the working Mac to copy the data to another drive. This technique won't work with USB, Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth.
4. If the internal drive of the non-working Mac is user-replaceable, remove it and mount it in an external enclosure or drive dock. Use another Mac to copy the data.
B
Start up in Recovery mode. When the OS X Utilities screen appears, select Disk Utility.
In the Disk Utility window, select the icon of the startup volume from the list on the left. It will be nested below another disk icon, usually with the same name. Click the Unlock button in the toolbar. When prompted, enter the login password of a user authorized to unlock the volume, or the alternate decryption key that was generated when you activated FileVault.
Then, from the menu bar, select
File ▹ Turn Off Encryption
Enter the password again.
You can then restart as usual, if the system is working. Decryption will be completed in the background. It may take several hours, and during that time performance will be reduced.
If you can't turn off encryption in Disk Utility because the menu item is grayed out, you'll have to erase the volume and then restore the data from a backup. Select the Erase tab, and then select
Mac OS Extended (Journaled)
from the Format menu.
You can then quit to be returned to the main Recovery screen. Follow these instructions if you back up with Time Machine. If you use other backup software, follow its developer's instructions.
Don't erase the volume unless you have at least two complete, independent backups. One is not enough to be safe.
File Vault Encryption
Jan 28, 2015 7:57 AM
Apple’s first pass at built-in encryption was, frankly, terrible. The original FileVault, introduced with 10.3 Panther in 2003, only encrypted a user’s home directory, and had a number of functional and implementation problems. FileVault 2 appeared in 2011 with 10.7 Lion, and had almost nothing to do with the original except the name.
FileVault 2 offers full-disk encryption (FDE). When enabled, the entire contents of the startup drive are encrypted. When your computer is powered off, the drive’s data is fully unrecoverable without a password. It also lets you use Find My Mac to wipe your drive in a matter of seconds remotely if you’re concerned about into whose hands your computer has fallen. You can enable FileVault 2 with an existing Mac, but starting with 10.10 Yosemite, OS X now encourages turning on FileVault 2 during setup of a laptop.
This has made some law-enforcement officials unhappy, who seemingly don’t want your data to be protected this strongly, so they can get access in the unlikely event that they need it. Relatively few people engage in criminal activities, and of them, even fewer ever have their computers seized and examined. It’s a good sign as to how well FileVault 2 works that officials are so morose about it.
FileVault 2 takes advantage of the ever-improving processor speed and features in Macs to perform on-the-fly encryption and decryption. Every chunk of data read from and written to disk, whether of the spinning variety or SSD, has to go through this process. Macs introduced starting in 2010 and 2011, and every model since, can use encryption circuitry in the processor, boosting performance.
FileVault 2 works hand in hand with OS X Recovery, a special disk partition that lets you run Disk Utility from the same drive you may be having trouble with, restore or install OS X via the Internet, restore a Time Machine backup, or browse Safari. With FileVault 2 enabled, your computer boots into the Recovery volume, prompting you to login with any account that’s been allowed to start up the computer.
How to use FileVault 2
On a system without FileVault 2 already in place, you need to turn it on, which converts your startup drive from its unencrypted state to fully encrypted. This comes with a few big flashing red warnings and pieces of advice before you proceed. (You can encrypt secondary and external drives by Control-clicking a drive’s icon and select Encrypt “Drive Name,” but it doesn’t tie in with login: you set a password for the drive, and have to enter it to mount it.)
Warning 1! During the setup, OS X creates a Recovery Key for your drive. As with Apple’s two-step verification for Apple ID accounts, this Recovery Key is critical to retain. Without it, if you lose or forget the account password to all FileVault 2–enabled accounts, your drive is permanently inaccessible. Keep a copy of the Recovery Key, probably printed out, for emergencies.
Warning 2! Once you start the conversion, there’s no stopping it. It has to complete, and it consumes CPU resources like mad, slowing down your machine and likely firing up the fan to high speed. Your computer also has to remain plugged in. The operation takes many hours. A friend’s niece accidentally accepted the option to enable FileVault 2 when upgrading to Yosemite a few evenings ago, and had her machine—needed for a computer-science class the next morning—slow to a crawl.
Apple provides step-by-step details in a Knowledge Base note, so I won’t repeat all of that, but will highlight the critical parts.
Only accounts enabled with FileVault 2 can unlock the volume at boot time after a cold start (when shut down) or restart. For accounts you don’t opt to enable, restarting or starting up will require an account with permission logs in, then logs out. If you’re helping set up FileVault 2 for a novice user who trusts you, you may ask them to create an account for you that would let you log in if they can’t.
Accounts that use an iCloud password for login do provide a way out if you forget or lose an account password, but also offers a security risk if someone obtains your iCloud account information. (During a Yosemite upgrade, you can choose this explicitly when enabled FileVault 2 by checking a box that reads “Allow my iCloud account to unlock my disk.” Oddly, Apple has no information about this option on its support site.)
The option to store your Recovery Key on Apple’s servers is secure, in that Apple apparently can only unlock the key given information you provide, exactly as it’s typed, including capitalization. It doesn’t retain enough information to unlock it independently. However, it does put the key in the hands of a party other than yourself, making it possible under the right circumstances for a government agency or ne’er-do-wells to legally or socially engineer access to your recovery key.
Once the conversion is complete, the startup drive is fully protected within the limits of exposure I note above.
What’s even niftier is that with Find My Mac enabled on the computer, you have a sort of secret weapon. Find My Mac works when the computer is booted and connected to a network. You can play a sound, lock the computer, locate it (if Wi-Fi networks or other cues to location are nearby), and erase it. Because FileVault 2 relies on a stored encryption key, erasing the drive wipes that key, rendering the drive unrecoverable, even by you.
But the extra-secret secret weapon is Guest mode. When a user logs in as a guest and connects to a network, or the Mac automatically connects to a known network, Find My Mac continues to work. Thus, if someone finds your computer, any message you send with the Lock option can appear, even if it was online before they log in as a guest. But so too can an Erase request make its way through silently.
Filevault Encryption Taking Days
FileVault 2 can make nations quake, apparently, but it’s just a bit of good information hygiene, letting you make choices about the degree of vulnerability you want to tolerate for your locally stored data and any software or stored passwords for services in your accounts. With it off, you’re not risking everything, but with it on, you have a high degree of assurance about who can access what.